The author was on the staff of the NLRB for 27 years, including 15 years as assistant to the regional director in the Cincinnati regional office, before becoming an arbitrator in 1991. He acknowledges the advice and assistance of arbitrators Frank Keenan and Ed Goggin as well as the research assistance of NLRB Region 9 deputy regional attorney Earl Ledford, in the preparation of this article. This paper was originally delivered at the “Dispute Resolution Day” grievance arbitration seminar sponsored by the AAA’s Cincinnati regional office in December 1995.