1. The application of the UKA and IAAF Anti-Doping Rules with respect to out-of-competition testing, specifically IAAF Rules 32.2(d) and 35.17 is confirmed. The meaning of IAAF Rule 35.17 is unambiguous and states that once three failures have been evaluated as three missed tests within 5 years, then the athlete has committed a doping offence. The wording of that rule does not suggest that a missed test cannot be declared as such until the athlete has been notified of any previous missed test(s).