1. The subjective element of the doping offence must be considered in assessing the appropriateness of suspensions, fines and other similar sanctions, irrespective of the terms of the doping control rules at issue. If the CAS is satisfied that the athlete did not intentionally or negligently commit the offence of doping, it then becomes necessary to consider the nature of the athlete’s fault in relation to the impact of a two-year ban from international competition. In the event that a two-year suspension appears disproportionately severe, the CAS has a general discretion to reduce this sanction.