Jurisdiction Through the Internet - Part 1 Chapter 30 - The Practice of International Litigation - 2nd Edition
Lawrence W. Newman has been a partner in the New York office of Baker & McKenzie since 1971, when, together with the late Professor Henry deVries, he founded the litigation department in that office. He is the author/editor of 4 works on international litigation/arbitration.
Michael Burrows, Formerly, Of Counsel, Baker & McKenzie, New York.
Originally from The Practice of International Litigation - 2nd Edition
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Jurisdiction Through the Internet
Lawrence W. Newman and Michael Burrows
When the Internet first came into the general public consciousness,
lawyers began to raise questions as to the nature and extent of the activities
on the Internet that would give rise to jurisdiction over persons initiating
those activities. Today, when access to the Internet is becoming almost as
widespread as the telephone, a person who conducts publishing, marketing
or other operations through a website could theoretically become a
defendant in the courts of virtually every country in the world. The issue of
jurisdiction arising out of Internet activity remains an evolving one. In
what may be surprising to many outside the U.S., who often bemoan the
“long arm” of U.S. jurisdiction, it appears to be the courts outside the
United States that have been most liberal in asserting their jurisdiction.
Probably the two best known foreign cases concerning liability for
activities conducted over the Internet are the recent Australian case
involving the Wall Street Journal and the French case involving Yahoo! In
the Australian case, Dow Jones & Co., Inc. v. Gutnick, an allegedly
defamatory article associated Gutnick (an Australian) with a convicted tax
evader in New York and another person awaiting trial for stock
manipulation in New York. The article appeared in Barron’s, a weekly
magazine, and on-line in the wsj.com (Wall Street Journal) website, which
requires an annual subscription fee for access.
The Supreme Court of Australia held that there was jurisdiction
over Dow Jones because Gutnick alleged that he suffered damage in
Australia as a result of a publication there when the wsj.com article was
made available on the Internet. The court also noted that, although the
circulation of Barron’s in Australia was limited, the wsj.com website had
approximately 1,700 paid subscribers with Australian addresses.
In the Yahoo! case, organizations dedicated to eliminating anti-
Semitism sued Yahoo! in French court in 2000, charging that sales of Nazirelated
material on Yahoo!’s US-based auction site violated French law
because the material was available to French citizens. The French court
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and ordered Yahoo! to block French citizens
from accessing auction listings or web pages on its site that contained anti-
Semitic or Nazi-related material. Although Yahoo! objected that instituting
such a block would be technologically impossible, the court later affirmed
its ruling and threatened to fine Yahoo! about $13,600 a day if it did not
comply.
Yahoo! then brought suit in California, seeking a declaratory
judgment that the orders of the French court were neither cognizable nor
enforceable under U.S. law. The district court granted summary judgment
in favor of Yahoo!, holding that, “although France has the sovereign right
to regulate what speech is permissible in France, this Court may not enforce
a foreign order that violates the protections of the United States
Constitution by chilling protected speech that occurs simultaneously within
our borders.”
Full Table of Contents from "The Practice of International Litigation - 2nd Edition"
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
Part I -- Jurisdiction
Chapter 1. The Verlinden Case -- Access to Federal Courts
Chapter 2. State Responsibility in Transnational Actions
Chapter 3. Expropriation of Investments Abroad
Chapter 4. Proposed Amendments to Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976
Chapter 5. Enforcing Sovereign Debt: Is Comity New Back Door?
Chapter 6. Enforcing International Obligations: Frolova v. U.S.S.R.
Chapter 7. Legal Remedies Available to Hijack Victims of TWA Flight 847
Chapter 8. Mailed Service Outside the U.S. in Federal Cases
Chapter 9. Jurisdiction Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
Chapter 10. International Insolvency and Section 304 of the Bankruptcy Code
Chapter 11. Private Claims Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Chapter 12. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of Federal Statutes
Chapter 13. "Tag" Jurisdiction
Chapter 14. Bank Account as Basis for Personal Jurisdiction Over Foreign Defendant
Chapter 15. Antisuit Injunctions and the Race to Judgment
Chapter 16. Comity as Basis for Dismissal
Chapter 17. Extraterritorial Securities Jurisdiction: Searching for the Right Ingredients
Chapter 18. Alter Ego Jurisdiction Over Foreign Corporations
Chapter 19. Defenses to Payment of Foreign Debt
Chapter 20. The Alien Tort Claims Act
Chapter 21. Dismissal Under the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens
Chapter 22. Federal Question Jurisdiction in International Disputes
Chapter 23. Does the ADEA Cover Foreign Employers Operating in the United States?
Chapter 24. The Extraterritorial application of RICO in the Second Circuit
Chapter 25. Latin American and Forum non Conveniens Dismissals
Chapter 26. Disputes with Foreign States
Chapter 27. Forum Non Conveniens -- Conditional Dismissals
Chapter 28. Jurisdiction to Enforce Arbitral Awards
Chapter 29. The Alien Tort Claims Act: How Far Will it Go?
Chapter 30. Jurisdiction Through the Internet
Chapter 31. U.S. Supreme Court Narrows the Coverage of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
Chapter 32. Supreme Court's Alien Tort Statute Compromise
Chapter 33. The Race to the Courthouse: Article 27 of the Brussels Regulation
Part II -- Attachments
Chapter 1. Prejudgment Attachments: Sovereign Immunity
Chapter 2. Attachments Abroad I
Chapter 3. Attachments Abroad II
Chapter 4. Attachments in Aid of Arbitration
Chapter 5. Prejudgment Attachments: Treaty Waivers of Immunity
Chapter 6. Central Bank Property: Protection from Attachment
Chapter 7. Attaching Proceeds of Letters of Credit
Chapter 8. Enforcement of Foreign Provisional Remedies
Chapter 9. Provisional Remedies in Aid of International Arbitration
Chapter 10. Prejudgment Attachments in Aid of Foreign Proceedings
Chapter 11. Lessons from English "Mareva" Injunctions
Chapter 12. Is there Finally a Backlash Against Rule B Attachments?
Part III -- Service and Discovery
Chapter 1. Obtaining Evidence Abroad
Chapter 2. Discovery Abroad: The Hague Convention
Chapter 3. The Hague Convention on Taking Evidence Abroad
Chapter 4. Depositions and Other Discovery in Arbitration
Chapter 5. Production of Evidence for Use in Foreign Tribunals
Chapter 6. Service of Process in Switzerland
Chapter 7. Extraterritorial Reach of Rule 45 Subpoena
Chapter 8. Obtaining Evidence in the United States for Foreign Tribunals
Chapter 9. Subpoenas Under the Federal Arbitration Act
Chapter 10. Obtaining Evidence from U.S. Nationals Abroad
Chapter 11. Changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Affecting International Litigation
Chapter 12. U.S. Discovery for Foreign Litigants
Chapter 13. Automatic Disclosure of Documents: The English Experience
Chapter 14. Injunctions Against Transfer of Assets
Chapter 15. Service Through the Internet
Chapter 16. A Tale of Two Cities: Compulsory Testimony Abroad
Chapter 17. Service of Process in Latin America: Potential Pitfalls
Chapter 18. Discovery in Aid of International Arbitration
Chapter 19. International Arbitration: Witness Statements -- Good or Bad?
Chapter 20. Use of Section 1782 in Aid of International Arbitration
Chapter 21. Manifest Disregard: Challenging Arbitral Awards and Discovery in Arbitration
Part IV -- Judgments
Chapter 1. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments: Iran
Chapter 2. Enforcement of Money Judgments Abroad
Chapter 3. Jurisdiction to Enforce Foreign-Country Money Judgments
Chapter 4. Enforcing Judgments and Awards Against Foreign States
Chapter 5. Foreign Currency Judgments
Chapter 6. "Loser Pays": Attorneys' Fees in England and Germany
Chapter 7. Recognition of Foreign Judicial Systems in U.S. Courts
Chapter 8. Due Process Consideration in the Recognition of Foreign Judgments
Chapter 9. The Proposed Hague Convention on Judgments
Chapter 10. Jurisdiction to Enforce Foreign Judgments
Chapter 11. Passing Judgment on Other Countries' Courts
Chapter 12. International Judgment Enforcement -- Thinking Outside the Box
Chapter 13. Orders in Support of Foreign Proceedings
Chapter 14. Enforcing Multiple-Damage Judgments in Europe
Chapter 15. A Challenge by any Other Name: The Gulf Petro Case
Part V -- International Arbitration
Chapter 1. Judicial Intervention in Arbitrability of International Claims
Chapter 2. Will RICO Move Abroad Through International Arbitration?
Chapter 3. Consequences of International Arbitration of Antitrust and RICO Cases
Chapter 4. International Arbitration Provisional Remedies
Chapter 5. Arbitrating with Foreign States
Chapter 6. Remedies in Aid of International Arbitration
Chapter 7. Training for International Arbitrators
Chapter 8. Enforcement of Arbitration Provisions in Bankruptcy
Chapter 9. Arbitration in Transnational Pricing Disputes
Chapter 10. Punitive Damages Awards in International Arbitration
Chapter 11. Consolidation of Arbitrations
Chapter 12. Arbitration and Disputes Involving Multiple Parties
Chapter 13. "Fast-Track" Arbitration
Chapter 14. The Preclusive Effect of Arbitral Awards: Who Decides?
Chapter 15. 'Non-domestic' Arbitral Awards and the New York Convention
Chapter 16. Alternatives for the Resolution of Letter of Credit Disputes
Chapter 17. International Litigation and Arbitration Arbitration of Antitrust Disputes
Chapter 18. Cross-Examination in International Arbitration
Chapter 19. International Arbitration- Unfinished Business
Chapter 20. Ethics in International Arbitration
Chapter 21. Forum Non Conveniens and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
Chapter 22. Cultural Predictability in International Arbitration
Chapter 23. The Standard for Challenging Arbitration Awards
Chapter 24. Dispute Resolution Opportunities for Foreign Investors
Chapter 25. Arbitration Against Foreign States: Enforcement of Awards
Chapter 26. Forum Non Conveniens: Determining the Adequacy of an Alternative Forum
Chapter 27. International Arbitration - Unfettered Freedom to Participate?
Chapter 28. Enforcement of Arbitration Clauses: A Tale of Two Cases
Chapter 29. The 'Manifest Disregard' Standard and Vacating Arbitration Awards
Chapter 30. International Arbitration - Past, Present and Future
Chapter 31. Twenty-Five Years of International Litigation
Chapter 32. Cross-Examination in International Arbitration
Chapter 33. Disclosure of Conflicts by Arbitrators
Chapter 34. Corruption in International Dispute Resolution
Chapter 35. Predictability in International Arbitration
Chapter 36. Chairperson's Role in International Arbitration Is Often Misunderstood
Chapter 37. In-House Counsel Privilege Around the World
Chapter 38. Damages in International Arbitration
Chapter 39. Prefatory N.Y. Remedies to Aid International Arbitration
Chapter 40. The Party-Appointed Arbitrator Dialectic
Part VI -- International Contracts
Chapter 1. U.N. Sales Convention: Traps for Unwary?
Chapter 2. Excessive Hardship in Long-Term Contracts
Chapter 3. Termination of Distributors in Middle East Countries
Chapter 4. Enforceability of Forum-Selection Clauses Under New York General Obligations Law
Chapter 5. Changed Circumstances Under the U.N. Sales Convention
Chapter 6. General Principles of International Commercial Law
Chapter 7. Letter of Credit Disputes
Chapter 8. The New OECD Convention on Combating Bribery and its Impact on International Litigation
Part VII -- Foreign Tribunals
Chapter 1. General Principles of Law in the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal
Chapter 2. International Disputes: Courts or Arbitration?
Chapter 3. Enforceability of Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal Awards
Chapter 4. The Pursuit of Claims Against Iraq
Chapter 5. Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal: A Review
Chapter 6. Enforceability of The Hague Tribunal Awards
Chapter 7. U.S. Evidence for Foreign Tribunals
Chapter 8. Gulf War Claims Against Iraq
Chapter 9. Simultaneous Litigation in the United States and Abroad
Chapter 10. Changes in Civil Litigation in England
Chapter 11. International Arbitration in Brazil
Chapter 12. Criminal Proceedings in Civil Disputes Abroad
Table of Cases
Table of Authorities
Index