PDF of Title Page and T.O.C.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION

I.  Background

II.  Expropriation
     1.  Introduction
     2.  Indirect Expropriation

III.  Current State of International Law with Respect to Expropriation
      1. Introduction
      2. Rules of Attribution
          2.1  Introduction
          2.2  Applicability of the ILC Articles
          2.3  General Rules of Attribution
          2.4  Attribution and Federal States
      3. The International Minimum Standard
          3.1  Public Purpose
          3.2  Non-Discrimination (National Treatment)
          3.3 Compensation

IV.  Bilateral Investment Protection Treaties
     1. Introduction
     2. The Sedelmayer Case
         2.1  The Background
         2.2  The Dispute
         2.3  Comments
     3. The 1998 Financial Crisis in Russia
         3.1 Introduction
         3.2 Measures Taken by the Russian Federation
         3.3 Do the Measures Amount to Expropriation?
     4. The Tradex Case
         4.1 The Background
         4.2 The Dispute
         4.3 Comments
     5. The Land Use Permit Case
         5.1 The Background
         5.2 The Dispute
         5.3 Comments
     6. The SwemBalt Case
         6.1 The Background
         6.2 The Dispute
         6.3 Comments
     7. Golden Shares in Russia Companies
         7.1 The Background
         7.2 Do Golden Shares Constitute Indirect Expropriation?
     8. The Estonian Bank Licence Case
         8.1 The Background
         8.2 The Dispute
         8.3 Comments
     9. The Lauder Cases
         9.1 The Background
         9.2 The Dispute
         9.3 The Stockholm Award
         9.4 The London Award
         9.5 Comments
    10. The Moldovan Case
         10.1 The Background
         10.2 The Dispute
         10.3 Comments
    11. The Ukrainian Case
         11.1 The Background
         11.2 The Dispute
         11.3 Comments 
    12. The Refinery Case
         12.1 The Background
         12.2 The Dispute
         12.3 Comments
    13. The Romanian Case
         13.1 The Background
         13.2 The Dispute
         13.3 Comments

V. The Energy Charter Treaty
    1. Introduction
    2. The First ECT Arbitral Award
         2.1 The Background
         2.2 The Dispute
         2.3 Comments
    3. The Second ECT Arbitral Award
         3.1 The Background
         3.2 The Dispute
         3.3 Comments

VI.  Concluding Remarks

Index

Appendices on CD-ROM

Appendix 1 - Sedelmayer v. Russian Federation
Appendix 2 - Tradex v. Republic of Albania
Appendix 3 - SwemBalt AB v. Republic of Latvia
Appendix 4 - Genin v. Republic of Estonia
Appendix 5 - Lauder v. Czech Republic
Appendix 6 - CME v. Czech Republic
Appendix 7 - Link - Trading v. Republic of Moldova
Appendix 8 - Generation Ukraine, Inc. v. Republic of Ukraine
Appendix 9 - The Refinery Case
Appendix 10 - Noble Ventures, Inc. v. Republic of Romania
Appendix 11 - Nykomb v. Republic of Latvia
Appendix 12 - Petrobart Ltd. v. Kyrgyz Republic

About the Author:
Kaj Hobér is a Partner with Mannheimer Swartling Advokatbyrå in Stockholm and Professor of East European Commercial Law at Uppsala University.  He has been heavily involved in the legal aspects of doing business in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union for the last 25 years. His arbitration experience includes representing both Eastern and Western European, American and Russian parties as well as parties from developing countries in international arbitrations.  He has also been involved in numerous oil and gas arbitrations, relating primarily to Northern Africa, the Middle East and the former Soviet Union. He has acted as counsel and arbitrator (including chairmanships) in more than 300 international arbitrations, including representation of the claimant in the first ECT award, as well as involvement in many other investment arbitrations. He is Chair of the IBA sub-committee on Investment Treaty Arbitration, a member of the board of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, the International Arbitration Club (London) and a member of the ICC Institute of International Business and Law (corresponding member).

Professor Hobér is the author of Joint Ventures in the Soviet Union (1989), Enforcing Foreign Arbitral Awards Against Russian Entities (1993), Transforming East European Law (1997), Protection of Property Rights in the Baltic Sea Region: Reality or Potemkin Villages? (1999), Applicable Law and Extinctive Prescription in Interstate Arbitration (2001), The Impeachment of President Yeltsin (2003), Essays on International Arbitration (2005), and is also the general editor of the Uppsala Yearbook of East European Law, and co-editor of Arbitration in Sweden (2nd ed., 1984). He has also published numerous articles on international arbitration and East European law.